STAGES IN TRANSLATION…
STAGES IN TRANSLATION
Translation என்பது programmer high-level programming language-ல் எழுதும் source program-ஐ computer execute செய்யக்கூடிய lower-level / machine-oriented form-ஆக மாற்றும் process. Simple Tamil: நாம் எழுதும் C++ code-ஐ CPU execute செய்யக்கூடிய…
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27 programs 10 MCQs v3
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Definition
Translation என்பது programmer high-level programming language-ல் எழுதும் source program-ஐ computer execute செ……
Program
Example
Explanation
Computer இதை direct-ஆக understand செய்யாது. இதன……
COMPLETE TRANSLATION FLOW
Explanation
C/C++ program-ன் overall translation flow: Source Program ↓ Preprocessing ↓ Lexical Analysis ↓ Syntax Analysi……
TWO WAYS TO UNDERSTAND TRANSLATION STAGES
Explanation
Programming language theory-ல் translation-ஐ இரண்டு levels-ல் படிப்பார்கள். Compiler Internal Phases Lexical ……
SOURCE PROGRAM
Definition
Programmer high-level language-ல்……
Program
Example
Explanation
File: program.cpp இது source ……
STAGE 1 - PREPROCESSING
Explanation
C/C++ translation-ல் compiler proper work ஆரம……
Program
Preprocessor handles
Definition
#define
#ifdef #ifndef #if #endif…
Definition
1. #include PROCESSING…
Program
Example
Explanation
Conceptually: Required header declaration……
MACRO EXPANSION
Explanation
Example
#define PI 3.14 Later:…
Explanation
Preprocessor conceptually rep……
Explanation
இதனை: Macro Expansion என்று அ……
CONDITIONAL COMPILATION
Program
Example
Explanation
Condition அடிப்படையில் source parts include/……
STAGE 2 - LEXICAL ANALYSIS
Definition
Source program characters-ஐ meaningful units ஆன tokens-ஆக……
LEXICAL ANALYSIS EXAMPLE
Characters: i n t t o t a l = 1 0 0 ; Lexical analyze……
Algorithm
1. TOKEN என்றால்?…
Programming language-ன் small……
Program
Example
Explanation
Tokens: x = a + 10 ;…
LEXEME vs TOKEN
Explanation
இந்த difference முக்கியமானது. Lexeme Source program-ல் ac……
Program
Another
List
1. LEXICAL ANALYZER என்ன செய்……
Explanation
Reads characters ↓ Groups characters ↓ Fo……
LEXICAL ERROR
Explanation
Example
Language rules allow செய்யாத invalid character sequence இருந்தால் lexical error ஏற……
STAGE 3 - SYNTAX ANALYSIS
Definition
Lexical analyzer கொடுத்த tokens programming language gr……
SYNTAX ANALYSIS EXAMPLE
Definition
Tokens: int x = 10 ; Parser checks rule: data_type identifier = expressio……
PARSER OUTPUT
Definition
Parser commonly program structure-ஐ: Pars……
PARSE TREE EXAMPLE
Definition
Expression: a + b * c Structure: + / ……
Definition
1. WHY SYNTAX ANALYSIS?…
Definition
Parser check செய்யும்: Parentheses correct-ஆ? Braces correct-ஆ?……
SYNTAX ERROR EXAMPLES
Definition
Wrong: if x > 10 { cout 10) {……
STAGE 4 - SEMANTIC ANALYSIS
Definition
Program syntax correct என்றாலும் அதன் meaning மற்றும் type-related rules valid-ஆ என்று check செய்வது: Sema……
SEMANTIC ANALYSIS EXAMPLE
Definition
int x = "Hello"; Structure: type identifier = value ; syntax-wise co……
SEMANTIC CHECKS
Definition
Compiler semantic analyzer check செய்யும்: Variable declared-ஆ? Type compatibility இருக்……
UNDECLARED IDENTIFIER
Program
Example
Explanation
If x previously declared இல்ல……
FUNCTION ARGUMENT CHECKING
Explanation
Function: int add(int a, int b); Wrong call: add();……
SYMBOL TABLE
Explanation
Semantic analysis-க்கு மிகவும……
Definition
Identifiers பற்றிய information store ச……
SYMBOL TABLE USE
Definition
Compiler encounters: int x; Symbol table: x → int……
STAGE 5 - INTERMEDIATE CODE GENERATION
Definition
Source language-க்கும் final machine language-க்கும் நடுவ……
Algorithm
1. WHY INTERMEDIATE CODE?…
Program
Suppose source
Compiler direct machine code g……
Program
Example
Explanation
t1, t2 temporary variables.…
THREE-ADDRESS CODE
Explanation
Common intermediate represent……
Program
Example
Explanation
Each statement maximum few op……
INTERMEDIATE REPRESENTATION ADVANTAGE
Explanation
Front End ↓ Common IR ↓ Back End for x86 Back End for ARM B……
FRONT END AND BACK END
Explanation
Compiler often conceptually: Compiler | +-- Front End | +-- Middle End | +-- Back End Front End Lexical A……
STAGE 6 - CODE OPTIMIZATION
Definition
Intermediate program-ன் meaning change செய்யாமல் performance / memory / code quali……
OPTIMIZATION EXAMPLE
Definition
Original: int x = 5 * 4; Compiler can calculate……
CONSTANT FOLDING
Definition
5 * 4 compile time-ல்: 20 ஆக ……
CONSTANT PROPAGATION
Explanation
Example
int x = 10; int y = x + 5; Co……
Program
therefore
Explanation
Certain situations-ல் optimiz……
DEAD CODE ELIMINATION
Explanation
Never execute ஆகாத அல்லது res……
Program
Example
Explanation
Compiler optimization அந்த un……
COMMON SUBEXPRESSION ELIMINATION
Explanation
Example
a * b + a * b Same calculatio……
Explanation
என்று optimize செய்யலாம்.…
LOOP OPTIMIZATION
Explanation
Loops repeated execute ஆகும். அதனால் loop optimization performance-க்கு important. Compiler te……
OPTIMIZATION IMPORTANT POINT
Explanation
Optimization: Program meaning cha……
STAGE 7 - TARGET CODE GENERATION
Definition
Intermediate representation-ஐ target machine instructions / assembly-oriented cod……
CODE GENERATOR DECIDES
Definition
Which machine instruction? Which registers? Where valu……
REGISTER ALLOCATION
Definition
CPU registers limited. Compiler decide செய்ய வேண்டும்: Which variable ……
MACHINE DEPENDENCE
Definition
Earlier stages: Lexical…
Explanation
Syntax
Semantic largely source-language dependent. Co……
STAGE 8 - ASSEMBLY
Explanation
Compiler assembly code produce செய்தால்: Assembly Code ↓ Ass……
OBJECT CODE
Definition
Assembler/compiler generate செய்யும் mach……
Explanation
Example
main.cpp ↓ main.o Linux-like s……
List
1. OBJECT CODE EXECUTABLE ஆ?…
Explanation
Not always. Object file-ல் un……
Program
Example
Explanation
Required library implementatio……
STAGE 9 - LINKING
Definition
Different object files மற்றும் required lib……
LINKING EXAMPLE
Definition
Files: main.cpp math.cpp Compilation: main.cpp → ma……
EXTERNAL SYMBOL RESOLUTION
Definition
main.cpp: int add(int, int); int main() { return add(10,20); } math.cpp: int add(int a, int b) { r……
STATIC LINKING
Definition
Library code executable-க்குள் incorporate செய்யப்படும். Object Code + Librar……
DYNAMIC LINKING
Definition
Required shared library runtime/load time-ல் co……
STAGE 10 - LOADING
Definition
Executable program-ஐ storage-ல் இருந்து main memory-க்……
LOADING FLOW
Definition
Executable File ↓ Loader ↓ Pr……
LOADER RESPONSIBILITIES
Definition
Depending on system: Program memory mapping Address……
RELOCATION
Definition
Executable/object code memory-ல் act……
Concept
Relative Address ↓ Loader/Lin……
STAGE 11 - EXECUTION
Concept
Now program CPU மூலம் execute செய்யப்படும். General ……
COMPLETE EXAMPLE - ONE STATEMENT
Concept
Consider: int result = a + b ……
Output
result
Program
Structure
Checks: a declared? b declared? Types valid? result type compatible? Intermediate Code t1 = b * 2 t2 = a + t1……
COMPILER PHASES - CORE SIX
Traditional compiler theory-ல……
Algorithm
1. Lexical Analysis 2. Syntax Analysis 3. Semantic ……
இந்த six compulsory நினைவில் ……
SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES
Compiler phases முழுவதும் two important activities support செய்கின்றன: Symbol Table……
ERROR HANDLING
Different phases detect diffe……
LEXICAL ERROR vs SYNTAX ERROR
Lexical Error Token itself invalid. ……
Program
Example
Explanation
int, x, =, 10, ; recognizable……
SYNTAX ERROR vs SEMANTIC ERROR
Explanation
Syntax error: int x = structure incomplete. Seman……
SEMANTIC ERROR vs LOGIC ERROR
Explanation
This is important.…
Program
Example
Explanation
Suppose intended addition. Compiles successfully Runs successfully ……
LINKER ERROR
Explanation
Example declaration exists: v……
Explanation
But no definition provided. Compilation may ……
RUNTIME ERROR
Explanation
Compilation/linking success. Program execution போது error/pro……
FRONT END
Explanation
Compiler front end source language understand செய்……
MIDDLE END
Focus: Optimization. IR ↓ Analysis ↓ Optimizati……
BACK END
Intermediate representation-ஐ target machine code-ஆக transform செய்கிற……
Algorithm
1. PASS என்றால் என்ன?…
Compiler source/IR-ஐ ஒரு complete traversal செய்து certain work செய்வதை: Pass என்று கூறு……
ONE-PASS COMPILER
Advantages: Fast compilation Less intermedi……
MULTI-PASS COMPILER
Explanation
Example
Pass 1 → Syntax / Symbols Pass 2 → Semantic Pass 3 → Optimizati……
PHASE vs PASS
Explanation
மிக முக்கியமான distinction. Phase Logical compilation task. Examples: Lexical analysis Syntax anal……
TRANSLATOR TYPES
Explanation
Programming language translat……
COMPILER
Explanation
High-level language source-ஐ target code-……
INTERPRETER
Explanation
Program representation-ஐ runtime-ல் directly exec……
ASSEMBLER
Explanation
Assembly Language ↓ Assembler……
C++ COMPLETE PIPELINE
Explanation
C++ program: hello.cpp ↓ Preprocessor ↓ Compiler Front End ↓ Intermediate Representation……
Comparison
Preprocessor vs Compiler
Comparison
Compiler vs Assembler vs Linker vs Loader
Comparison
Lexical vs Syntax vs Semantic Analysis
Important
Compiler core phases: Lexical Analysis ↓ Syntax Analysis ↓ Semantic Analysis ↓ Intermediate Code Generatio……
Memory Trick
Compiler six phases: L S S I O C L → Lexical S → Syntax S → Semantic I → Intermediate Code O → Optimization C……
Common Mistake
Common error
Do not confuse: Lexical Analyzer ≠ Parser Parser ≠ Semantic Analyzer Compiler ≠ Linker Linker ≠ Loader Object……
First major compiler analysis phase:
TRB Point
Answer: Lexical Analysis…
Lexical analyzer is called:
TRB Point
Answer: Scanner…
Syntax analyzer is called:
TRB Point
Answer: Parser…
Parser input:
TRB Point
Answer: Tokens…
Type checking occurs mainly during:
TRB Point
Answer: Semantic Analysis…
Symbol table contains:
TRB Point
Answer: Information about ide……
Three-address code is:
TRB Point
Answer: Intermediate Code…
Meaning-preserving code improvement:
TRB Point
Answer: Optimization…
Assembly language is translated by:
TRB Point
Answer: Assembler…
Object modules are combined by:
TRB Point
Answer: Linker…
Executable is placed in memory by:
TRB Point
Answer: Loader…
TRB Point
1. Undefined external functio……
TRB Point
Answer: Linking…
MCQ
Which compiler phase converts……
MCQ
The output of lexical analysi……
MCQ
Which phase checks grammatica……
MCQ
Parser is another name for:…
MCQ
Type mismatch is normally det……
MCQ
Which data structure stores i……
MCQ
Which is an intermediate repr……
MCQ
Constant folding is a form of:…
MCQ
Which tool combines object fi……
MCQ
Which tool loads an executabl……
TRB Point
Exam point
2 Marks - Define Translation Translation is the process of converting a source program written in ……
TRB Point
1. Lexical Analysis 2. Syntax Analysis 3. Semantic Ana……
TRB Point
Add: Symbol Table Management Error Handling as supporting activities. If quest……
Summary
Complete picture: C++ Source Program ↓ Preprocessor ↓ Lexical Analyzer Characters → Tokens ↓ Parser Tokens → ……
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