Definition
Syntax என்பது ஒரு programming language-ல் program statements எப்படி எழுதப்பட வேண்டும் என்பதை define செய்யும் ……
SYNTAX
Syntax என்பது ஒரு programming language-ல் program statements எப்படி எழுதப்பட வேண்டும் என்பதை define செய்யும் formal grammatical rules. Simple Tamil: Programming language-ன் grammar தான் Syntax. English-ல் sentence எழுத grammar rules இருப்ப…
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52 programs 10 MCQs v3
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Definition
1. SYNTAX என்றால் என்ன?…
Definition
Programming language-ல்: Keywords Identifiers Operators Symbols Expres……
Program
Example
Explanation
இதில் syntax rules: if keywor……
SIMPLE REAL-LIFE COMPARISON
Explanation
English: Raja eats an apple. Grammar correct. Raja apple an eats. Words இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால் grammatical arrang……
SYNTAX vs SEMANTICS
Explanation
மிகவும் important distinction. Code……
Program
Example
Explanation
Syntax correct. Semantics: Current x ……
LEXICAL STRUCTURE AND SYNTAX
Comparison
Programming language syntax-ஐ புரிந்து கொள்ள இரண்டு levels important: Lexical Structure ↓ Syntax Structure Le……
TOKEN
Definition
Programming language-ன் small……
Explanation
Example
int total = 100; Tokens: int total = 100 ; Classific……
TYPES OF TOKENS
Explanation
C++-ல் commonly: Tokens | +-- Keywords +-- ……
KEYWORDS
Explanation
Language predefined reserved words. Examples: int if else for while return clas……
IDENTIFIERS
Explanation
Variables, functions, classes ……
Explanation
Function: int add()…
Explanation
Class: class Student…
IDENTIFIER SYNTAX RULES
Explanation
C++ identifier பொதுவாக: Letter அல்லது underscore மூலம் start ஆகலாம். Digits later வரலாம். Spaces இர……
LITERALS
Explanation
Program-ல் directly written fixed values. Examples: 10 Integer lit……
OPERATORS
Explanation
Operations represent செய்யும்……
Explanation
&& ||…
Program
Example
Explanation
Here: = → assignment operator…
List
- → arithmetic operator…
PUNCTUATORS
Explanation
Programming syntax structure define செய்ய உதவும் symbols. Examples: ; ……
Explanation
{} block.…
EXPRESSION SYNTAX
Definition
Operands மற்றும் operators-ன்……
Explanation
Example
a + b Valid expression. Anoth……
OPERAND
Explanation
Operator operation செய்யும் v……
List
- → Operator…
Explanation
b → Operand…
STATEMENT SYNTAX
Definition
Programming language-ல் ஒரு c……
Program
Example
Program
Expression
Program
Complete C++ statement
DECLARATION SYNTAX
Explanation
C++ variable declaration: data_type variable_nam……
ASSIGNMENT SYNTAX
Syntax
General form
Program
Example
Program
Another
IF STATEMENT SYNTAX
Program
General
Program
Example
Program
Important syntax elements
IF-ELSE SYNTAX
Program
Example
FOR LOOP SYNTAX
Program
Example
Program
Structure
WHILE LOOP SYNTAX
Explanation
Example
int i = 1;…
FUNCTION SYNTAX
Explanation
General: return_type function_name(parameters) { statements; return value; } int add(int a,……
CLASS SYNTAX
Program
C++
Program
Example
Important
Class definition முடிவில்: }; semic……
SYNTAX ERROR
Definition
Programming language grammatical r……
Program
Example
Explanation
Missing: ; Compiler syntax er……
COMMON C++ SYNTAX ERRORS
Explanation
Missing semicolon Missing braces Missing parentheses In……
MISSING SEMICOLON
Explanation
Wrong: int x = 10 Correct: in……
MISSING PARENTHESIS
Program
Wrong
Program
Correct C++
MISSING BRACE
Program
Wrong
Explanation
Closing: } missing.…
UNCLOSED STRING
Program
Wrong
Program
Correct
CASE SENSITIVITY
Explanation
C++ case-sensitive language. int total = 10; and: in……
FORMAL SYNTAX
Explanation
Programming language syntax natural-language explanation மட்டும் அல்ல. Mathematical / formal……
GRAMMAR
Definition
Programming language-ல் valid sentences/program structures உருவாக்கும் fo……
TERMINAL SYMBOL
Definition
Grammar-ல் further replace செய்ய முடியாத actual……
NON-TERMINAL SYMBOL
Definition
Grammar structure represent செய்யும் variable-like ……
PRODUCTION RULE
Definition
ஒரு non-terminal எப்படி expan……
Explanation
Example
::= +…
Definition
Meaning
ஒரு expression மற்றொரு expres……
BNF
Definition
BNF = Backus-Naur Form Programming la……
Explanation
General form
::= definition ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ……
BNF SIMPLE EXAMPLE
Explanation
Suppose identifier: ::= | |…
Definition
Meaning
Identifier: letter மட்டும் இருக்கலாம் o……
EXPRESSION GRAMMAR
Explanation
Example
::= + | ::= * | ::= identifier | number This gr……
DERIVATION
Explanation
Grammar production rules பயன்படுத்தி start symbol-இலிருந்து v……
LEFTMOST DERIVATION
Explanation
ஒவ்வொரு step-லும் leftmost non-terminal முத……
RIGHTMOST DERIVATION
Explanation
Rightmost non-terminal முதலில் replace செய்த……
PARSE TREE
Definition
Grammar மூலம் program/string எப்படி derive செய……
Explanation
Example
a + b Parse tree: Expr / | \ ……
COMPLEX EXPRESSION PARSE TREE
Explanation
Expression: a + b * c Correct……
Definition
Meaning
a + (b * c) Multiplication fi……
PARSING
Definition
Input tokens grammar rules follow செய்கிறதா என்று analyze செய்யும் ……
LEXICAL ANALYZER
Definition
Source program characters-ஐ t……
Explanation
Example
int x = 10; Lexical analyzer output conce……
PARSER
Explanation
Tokens valid grammar structure-ல் இருக்கிறதா என்று ch……
LEXICAL ANALYSIS vs SYNTAX ANALYSIS
SCANNER
Explanation
Lexical analyzer-க்கு another……
Explanation
Exam MCQ-க்கு important.…
PARSER ERROR
Program
Suppose tokens valid individually
Explanation
int, =, x, 10, ; எல்லாம் recognizable tokens. ஆனால் grammar order w……
CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMAR
Explanation
Programming language syntax பெரும்பாலும்: Contex……
CFG COMPONENTS
Explanation
Context-Free Grammar mathemat……
Explanation
TRB / NET / SETக்கு இது முக்க……
START SYMBOL
Explanation
Grammar derivation தொடங்கும் speci……
META-LANGUAGE
Explanation
Programming language syntax describe செய்ய பயன்படுத்தப்படும் language/notati……
EBNF
Definition
EBNF = Extended Backus-Naur Form BNF-ன் extended versi……
EBNF COMMON SYMBOL IDEAS
Definition
Notation standard-ஐ பொறுத்து symbols vary செய்யலாம், ……
Explanation
Example
= { | }…
Definition
Meaning
First letter + zero or more l……
ABSTRACT SYNTAX
Definition
Programming language syntax இரண்டு levels-ல் பார்க்கப்படு……
Explanation
Example
a + b; Includes: parentheses ……
ABSTRACT SYNTAX
Explanation
Program-ன் essential structural meaning மட்டும் repre……
AST
Explanation
Expression: a + b * c AST: + / \ a * ……
PARSE TREE vs AST
AMBIGUOUS GRAMMAR
Definition
ஒரே input string-க்கு ஒன்றுக்கு மேற்பட்ட parse trees கிடைத்தால் grammar: Ambiguous Grammar என்று அழைக்கப்படும……
Definition
1. WHY AMBIGUITY IS A PROBLEM?…
Definition
Compiler-க்கு: Which interpretation is correct? என்று ambiguity வரும். Programming langua……
OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
Definition
எந்த operator first evaluate ……
Explanation
Example
2 + 3 * 4…
List
- precedence greater than +.…
Explanation
Therefore: 3 * 4 = 12 2 + 12 ……
ASSOCIATIVITY
Explanation
Same precedence operators multiple இருந்தால் evaluation/grouping ……
LEFT ASSOCIATIVE
Explanation
Grouping: a - b - c as: (a - ……
RIGHT ASSOCIATIVE
Explanation
Assignment operators commonly……
Concept
a = (b = (c = 10))…
PRECEDENCE vs ASSOCIATIVITY
SYNTAX DIAGRAM / RAILROAD DIAGRAM
Concept
Grammar rules graphically represe……
Concept
Start → if → (condition) → statement → End P……
STATIC SYNTAX
Concept
சில language rules pure context-free grammar மட்டும் கொண்டு முழுமையாக express செய்ய முடியாது. Examples: Varia……
SYNTAX AND COMPILER
Concept
Compiler flow: Source Program ↓ Lexical Analysis ↓ Tokens ↓ Syntax Analysis ↓ Par……
SYNTAX ANALYZER
Concept
Another name: Parser Therefor……
COMPILER ERROR STAGES
Explanation
Example
int x = ; Syntax error.…
Program
Example
Explanation
y declared இல்லையெனில் name/semantic analysis error. int x ……
C++ BASIC SYNTAX
Program
Minimal C++ program
Program
Breakdown
Explanation
using namespace std; → Namesp……
Explanation
{ } → Block…
Explanation
return 0; → Return statement…
BLOCK STRUCTURE
Explanation
Statements { } braces-க்குள் ……
Program
Example
Explanation
Both statements belong to sam……
SEMICOLON RULE
Explanation
C++-ல் many statements: ; மூல……
Explanation
But control block header afte……
Explanation
இதன் closing brace பிறகு normal……
Explanation
semicolon required.…
WHITESPACE
Explanation
Spaces, tabs, newlines many contexts-ல் tokens separate செய்ய உதவும். ……
COMMENTS AND SYNTAX
Explanation
C++ comments: Single line: // comment Multi-line: /* comment */ Comments……
FREE-FORM LANGUAGE
Explanation
C++ largely free-form languag……
Definition
Meaning
Statements fixed columns-ல் எ……
Program
Example
Explanation
syntactically possible. Reada……
Explanation
preferred.…
SYNTAX DESIGN GOALS
Explanation
Programming language syntax நல்லதாக இருக்க வேண்டுமெனில்……
READABILITY
Program
Good syntax
Explanation
condition clear. Complex/unusu……
WRITABILITY
Explanation
Syntax programmer-க்கு code easy-ஆக ……
Explanation
Both valid; concise forms wri……
SYNTACTIC SUGAR
Definition
Language-ல் already possible operation-ஐ easier/convenient syntax மூல……
Important
Syntactic sugar generally new fundamental compu……
CONCRETE EXAMPLE OF SYNTAX CHECKING
Compiler front-end: Step 1 Characters: i n t t o t a l ... Step 2 Tokens: int total = a + 10 ; Step 3 Parser ……
Flow
Characters ↓ Lexical Analyzer ↓ Tokens ↓……
Explanation
Syntax
= Rules defining the structure/form of valid programs. Grammar = Formal set of rules describing synt……
Common Mistake
Common error
Confuse செய்ய வேண்டாம்: Syntax ≠ Semantics Token ≠ Character Lexical Analyzer ……
Memory Trick
S → Syntax → Structure G → Grammar → Rules T → Token → Tiny meaningful unit P → Par……
TRB Point
1. The grammatical structure ……
TRB Point
Answer: Syntax…
TRB Point
1. Programming language synta……
TRB Point
Answer: Grammar…
BNF stands for:
TRB Point
Answer: Backus-Naur Form…
Smallest meaningful lexical unit:
TRB Point
Answer: Token…
Syntax analyzer is also called:
TRB Point
Answer: Parser…
Lexical analyzer is also called:
TRB Point
Answer: Scanner…
A tree representing grammatical structure:
TRB Point
Answer: Parse Tree…
TRB Point
1. If one sentence has more t……
TRB Point
Answer: Ambiguous…
CFG is represented by:
TRB Point
Answer: G = (V, T, P, S)…
Operator priority is called:
TRB Point
Answer: Precedence…
MCQ
Syntax specifies:…
MCQ
Which formalism is widely use……
MCQ
BNF stands for:…
MCQ
Which compiler phase converts……
MCQ
Which compiler component chec……
MCQ
A grammar with more than one ……
MCQ
Which is a non-terminal?…
MCQ
::= in BNF means:…
MCQ
Which determines whether * or……
MCQ
Which of the following is the……
TRB Point
Exam point
2 Marks - Define Syntax Syntax is the set of formal grammatical rules that specifies the structure and form o……
Summary
Programming Language ↓ Characters ↓ Lexical Analysis ↓ Tokens ……
Explanation
Syntax
| +-- Tokens +-- Grammar +-- Terminals +-- Non-terminals +-- Productions +-- BNF +-- EBNF +-- Derivation +-- ……
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